introduction, falsememoryisapsychologicalphenomenoninwhichamemorythatdidnotreallyoccuris, ourmemoriesarenotfixed, theycanbelost, changedorevennewonescanbe, whatmakesthisphenomenonincreasinglyinterestingisthefactthatweare, confidentinourmemoriesandsometimeswillnotnoticetheoccurrenceoffalsememories, thisphenomenonbringsupthequestionofcredibilityofwitnesstestimonyandourmemory, ingeneral, gaschamber, hewasconvictedfortherapeandmurderofanineyearoldgirl, convictionwasbasedonthetestimoniesoffiveeyewitnesses, nineyearslaterkirk, bloodsworthwasproveninnocentbyadnatest, thecaseofkirkbloodsworthisnotone, isolatedexample, theidentificationprocessgenerallyinvolvesasketchorselectingthe, allegedculpritfromapolicelineup, theeyewitnesscanfalselyremembersome, characteristicsandrecallasimilarfacetothatoftheactualperpetrator, duetoitsimportance, andfalliblenatureofourmemory, itisinterestingtostudythephenomenonincontrollable, butrealisticsetting, thankstoadvancementsinvirtualrealityconductingsuchresearchhas, becomemucheasier, currentlythereareseveralmethodstostudyfalsememory, thebestwaytoformfalse, forexampleinoneexperimentapartofa, picturefromparticipantschildhoodwasaddedtoapictureofahotairballoonride, thefakephotographsofparticipantscreatedfalsememoriesabouttheevent, forexampleinastudyconductedbygrinleyseveralfakephotographswereshownof, warnerbros, cartooncharacterbuggsbunnyindisneyland, inrealitybuggsbunnyis, ownedbywarnerbros, thusitwouldnotappearindisneyland, thesephotographscreateda, falseassociationofthecharacterwithdisney, participantswerethenaskedtorecalltheir, meetingwiththecharacterduringtheirvisittodisneyland, whilethestudyisveryinteresting, itssettingishardlycontrolled, althoughitispossibleto, conductsuchexperimentinacontrolledandrealisticsettingitwouldbecostlyandrequirea, lotoftimeinordertoreproduceiteveryexperiment, onemodernwaytosolvethisproblem, wouldbetoconductsuchexperimentsinvirtualenvironments, tothisdatetherehasbeenonenotableexperimentforstudyingthephenomenoninvirtual, reality, whichdoesnotusethecurrentcapabilitiesofvirtualreality, improveimmersionintheenvironmentaheadmounteddisplaymightbeused, headmounteddisplaysalsotrack, headmovements, whichallowstheusertolookaroundinthegeneratedenvironment, themaingoalofthisthesisistocreateanexperimentwithaneasilycontrollable, environmenttolearnmoreaboutfalsememoriesusingapreviouslydevelopedtoolboxfor, creatingvirtualrealityenvironmentsformemoryresearch, vrexenablesto, creatememoryexperimentsinvirtualreality, ithasexperimentstoresearchchangeblindness, andmemory, ontopofpreviouscapabilitiesofthetoolboxawidervarietyofobjectand, memoryrecallmanipulationisprovided, secondchapterdescribesfalsememories, relatedstudiesbothwithandwithouttheuseof, virtualrealityandothertechnologies, thirdchapterbrieflydescribescapabilitiesofthetoolbox, whatwasaddedandhowa, researchercanusetheexperiments, fourthchapterisgeneraldiscussion, thecurrentstateofthetoolbox, problemsthatoccurred, inthedevelopmentstage, useofvirtualrealityandfuturedirections, thischapterfocusesonfalsememory, methodsofstudyingfalsememoryandtheimpactof, falsememoryonourlives, falsememoryisthepsychologicalphenomenoninwhichapersonrecallsamemorythatdid, notactuallyoccur, themostbasicexamplewouldbeapersonplacingtheirkeysonthe, fridgeandwhenrecallingtheirlocationwouldlookontopofthecabinet, whichmightbe, causedbythepersonreconstructingthememoryfromthemotionofplacingkeysonahigh, falsememoriesarebelievedtobeverycommon, butduetousbeingunableto, identifythemtheyoftengounnoticed, currently, thereisstillnoconclusivewayto, distinguishbetweentrueandfalsememoriesonlybasedonthesubjectivereportabouta, themainmethodofcreatingafalsememoryistogiveabelievablestimulus, fakephotographs, similarsettingorevenemphasisingwordsinamisleadingquestionduring, firstnotablestudywasdonebye, loftusandj, palmercalled, reconstructionof, theaimofthestudywastoseeiflanguageusedwhile, questioningwouldaltertheeyewitnesstestimony, theexperimentstudyproceededas, fortyfivestudentsweresubjectsofthisexperiment, subjectswereshownshort, filmsbetweenfivetothirtysecondslongoftrafficaccidents, afterthatsubjectswereasked, torecallthespeedatwhichvehiclesweremoving, thefalsememorieswerecreatedby, manipulatingverbsusedinquestions, forexampleonequestionwas, howfastwerethecars, goingwhentheyhiteachother, inotherquestionstheverb, wasreplacedbyverbs, smashed, bumped, contacted, theresultsshowedthatestimatedaveragespeedwasaffected, bytheverbusedinthequestion, therearemanyothernotableexamplesofstudiesdoneonthephenomenon, whichallshare, onecommoncharacteristicdescribedbyquotefromz, faulknerande, leaverstudy, resultsindicatedthatpositiveandnegativeeventscanbeimplantedatanimpressivelyhigh, mostnotableimpactofthephenomenonisoneyewitnessaccounts, currentjusticesystem, hasuncriticalacceptanceofeyewitnessaccountsduetomisconceptionsaboutourmemory, ourmemoryisnotacamerarecording, articleinscientificamericanclaimsthatinnocence, testingwerebasedoneyewitnesstestimony, thischapterfocusesonuseofvirtualreality, virtualrealityinmemorystudiesandvirtual, realitydevices, virtualrealityisacombinationofcomputergeneratedenvironmentsand, specifichardware, sothattheuserswouldfeelthemselvesasapartofthisreality, virtualrealityiswidelyusedtoreplicatereallifesituations, virtualrealityisgaining, popularityinmanyfieldssuchaseducation, healthcare, military, engineering, entertainmentandfilm, itiscommonlyusedinsimulatorstoprepareforsituationsthatdonot, allowtrialanderrorapproach, suchasaviationandcosmonautics, inthisstudy, headmounteddevicewithheadtrackingandstereoscopicdisplays, oneforeacheye, isused, toimitatereality, thisstudyrequirestheuseofaheadmounteddevicesuchasoculusrift, oculusriftisa, virtualrealityheadset, therehavebeenseveralversionsofthedevicethathavebeen, released, whichisfollowedbyrecentlyreleasedconsumerversion, theexperiment, howeveritshouldworkonallnewer, oculusriftdevices, oculusriftallowstocreaterealisticexperiences, becauseitcreates, advantagesofusingvirtualrealityforstudyingfalsememories, conventionalmeansofstudyingfalsememoriesuseeitherlistsofwordslikedrmparadigm, orfakephotographs, butrarelyfakeenvironmentstocreatefalsememories, thatisbecause, creatingsuchenvironmentsisverytimeconsumingandcostly, forexamplecreatingan, toseeifanythingwaschangedwouldtakeatremendousamountoftimecomparedto, conductingtheexperimentsinvirtualreality, virtualenvironmentscouldprovideuswitha, wholenewopportunityonfalsememorycreationandstudy, ontopofthatexperimentsin, virtualrealitycanbepreciselyrecreatedlater, becausealltheenvironmentsandtheir, variationscanbesavedandloadedanytime, carryingoutasimilartaskinrealworldwould, beextremelydifficult, inadditiontherearenodistractingorunexpectedfactorsinvirtual, forexampleabirdslammingintothewindowwouldbreaksubjectsconcentration, butinvrsuchaccidentsareimpossible, lastly, accordingtoamericanpsychology, associationthemoreperceptualinformationasubjectreceivesthemorelikelytheyareto, thisbringsaclearadvantageofusingvr, opposedtofakephotographsasinvirtualrealitysubjecthasafeelingofbeinginsideofthe, environment, onepreviouskeystudy, virtualrealityforthestudyoftrueandfalsememory, conductedinparisdescartesuniversity, inthisstudystudentsweredrivenordrovearounda, virtualcity, theenvironmentwascreatedusingvirtools, theonlyfactormanipulatedinthedesignwas, sensorymotorimplication, subjectsinonegroupweredrivingthecar, whichensuredthatthe, activecomponentofthesensorymotorimplicationwasfilled, thetrueandfalsememory, wastestedbyaskingquestionsaboutacrashthatoccurredinthetown, forexamplethetest, subjectshadtorecallthecolorofthepulloverapersonwore, lastlyall, participantshadtopassatest, seebelow, drmparadigmalsoknownasdeeseroedigermcdermottparadigmisyetanother, procedureusedtostudyfalsememoryinhumans, inthisproceduresubjectshaveto, memoriselistsofwordsthatareassociatedinsomeway, allarepiecesoffurniture, asatestgivenawordfromthesamecategory, subjectshavetodistinguishthe, recognitionsfromthedrmparadigmandtruerecognitionsofthetown, thestudy, wasratherpreliminaryinnature, isstillnotpublishedand, mostcrucially, failedtoreliably, inducefalsememory, inthepresentworkwewilldevelopimmersivevirtualenvironments, whereawiderangeofobjectpropertiescanbeasubjectofchange, hence, thepresentwork, canaidamorethoroughstudyoffalsememory, toolbox, previousversionofthevrextoolboxallowedresearcherstocreatebasic, experimentstostudychangeblindnessormemory, withtheuseofthetoolbox, researchercoulddesignandconductexperimentsonmentionedtopics, todoso, researchercouldcreateanewlevelorchooseoneoftheavailableonesand, ifneeded, modifyitandsetsomeexperimentalvariables, formemoryexperiments, itwasonly, possibletochoosethetypeoftherecalltestattheendoftheexperiment, itwasnot, possibletosetthebehaviourofobjectsinthevirtualexperimentalrooms, thisexperimentiscreatedusingthevrextoolboxforcreatingvirtualrealityenvironments, formemoryresearch, theexperimentrequirestheuseofoculusriftorhtcvivevirtual, realityheadset, tocreatetheexperimentresearchercancreateanewenvironmentusingthe, toolboxorusealreadyexistingoneandmodifyittotheirneeds, theresearchercanmodify, variousparametersofthefalsememoryexperiment, allparametershavedefaultvaluesin, casetheresearcherdoesnotentersomespecificparameters, theideaforexperimentisbasedonquoteofe, loftus, oneofthecleverestandmost, powerfultechniquesforplantinghighlyimplausiblefalsememoriesinvolvestheuseoffake, fakephotographshavesomestaticaspectofthemchanged, butinthis, experimentweusecomplexindoorenvironments, inthisexperimentsomeaspectoftheroom, mightbechangedandthesubjecthastoidentifywhetherthereisachangeandwhattypeof, changewasdoneintheroom, whentheexperimentstartsthesubjectisallowedtowalkaroundtheroomsfreelyusingthe, keyboardandthemouse, thesubjecthasthetasktomemorizetheenvironmentduringthe, whichtheresearcherhasset, aftertheinitialstagethesubjectwillbepresentedwiththe, sameenvironmentinthefollowingway, thesubjectisallowedtomoveinoneroomatthe, timeandhastoidentifywhethersomethingisdifferentaboutthatparticularroom, oncethe, subjecthasdoneidentifyingthechangesthesubjectcanproceedintothenextroomwitha, mouseclick, thedifferencesintheenvironmentbeforeandafterarecreatedbymanipulating, objects, inbothcasesthesubjectisthenpresentedwitharesponsescreenandcan, indicatewhetheranythingchangedandnotethetypeofchange, exampleroomoriginally, ontheright, andaftertheobjectchange, ontheleft, objectmanipulationisdoneafterthesubjecthaswalkedaroundtheenvironmentandbefore, thesubjecthastoidentifythedifferencesintheenvironment, ifthereareany, objectcanbe, translated, changecolor, swappositionswithanotherobjectandbedeletedfromthe, beforetheexperimenttheresearchercanadjustandchoosewhichobject, changescanhappenintheenvironment, colorchangecanbelimitedbytheresearcher, theresearchercansettherangeinwhichred, greenand, orbluevaluesofthecolorchange, changemenu, willmakerathersmallchangestotheoriginalcolor, thisisdoneto, ensurethattheresearchercancontrolwhetherthechangeisdrasticornot, thisagainallows, tostudywhetherandhowfalsememoriesaredependentontheamountofcolorchange, exampleofconfigurationmenu, objectswillswappositionswithotherobjectsofthesametype, forexamplewallmounted, objectswillnotswappositionswithchairs, butwillswappositionswithotherwallmounted, theswappingalsoaccountsfortheinitialrotationsoftheobjectsintheworldspace, thisisdonebycategorizingobjectsbytypeandsizeandthenswappingthe, positionsofobjectsofsimilartype, exampleofobjectsswappingpositionsandcolorchange, pseudocode, intldistancetothenextobjectontheleft, intrdistancetothenextobjectontheright, intfdistancetothenextobjectintheforwarddirection, intbdistancetothenextobjectinthebackwarddirection, l]moveobjectleftbyrunits, elseif, r]moveobjectrightbyrunits, f]moveobjectforwardbyrunits, b]moveobjectbackwardbyrunits, objecttranslationisimplementedbychangingthevalueofgameobjectspositionvariableif, thereisnootherobjectobstructingthetranslation, objecttranslationwithrightdirectionofthecupboardwasnotobstructed, objectdeletionisfairlysimple, arandomobjectwillbedeletedfromaroomdependingon, whetheritwasseenbythesubject, thesubjecthasanopportunitytoinformifanobjectgot, deletedintheconfirmationmenu, objectstochange, length], objectstochange[i], inthisexperimentthe, researchercanalsoselectthewidthofthefieldofviewinwhichtheobjectchangewilloccur, forexampleiftheresearcherwantstoknowwhetherthesubjecthasbettertruememory, recallifobjectsthathavebeenchangedwereatsomepointrightinfrontofthem, thisis, doneusingraycasting, raycasting, asthenamesuggestsisaprocesswereinvisibletothe, inthe, simplifiedvisualrepresentationoftheidea, thelightgrayarearepresentsthefield, ofviewchosenbytheresearcherblueandredcapsulesrepresentobjects, onlytheobjectsin, thisareaareaddedtotheset, allthepreviousobjectchangeshavetobeidentifiedbythe, whowillthenselecttheobjectandfromapopupmenuselectthetypeofchange, pseudocodeofthemostimportantmethodtodetermineobjectsinthefieldofview, initializelistofvisibletargets, initializeanglegivenbyresearcher, initializesetofobjectstochange, setfindobjtochange, clearthelistoftargets, addallobjectsinviewradiustothelist, objectinlistoftargets, targetobjecttargetsinview[object], angleofthevectorfromplayertoobject, angle, addtargetobjecttotheset, returnset, visualrepresentationoflimitation, theoutputfileisgeneratedbasedonsubjectsperformanceduringtheexperiment, italsohas, initialsettingsthatwerecreatedbytheresearchersuchaslevelname, correctguessesand, incorrectguesses, ontopofthenumberofguessesandthenumberofcorrectguesses, isalsoinformationaboutthem, iftheguesswascorrect, thetypeofchangeisrecordedinthe, outputfile, forexample, ifthesubjectidentifiescorrectlythatanobjectwasmoved, thenthe, changetype, theobjectthatwaschangedandthetrueanswerwillbelogged, iftheguesswas, notcorrectthenthetypeofchange, ifthereisone, isrecordedandtheguess, thesubjectclaimsthatobjecthaschangedcolor, althoughithasnot, thentherealchange, appliedtotheobject, objectsnameandthefalseanswerwillbelogged, iftherehavenot, beenanychangestotheobject, itwillbestatedsoinsteadofthechangeappliedtotheobject, incaseifthesubjectguessesthattherearenochangesintheroomthesubjectwillbemoved, tothenextroomandincasetherewerestillchangestheywillbeloggedasincorrectwiththe, claimparameterstating, flowchartofoutputfilegeneration, allthecodecanbefoundinappendixii, forobjectchangesnavigatetoassets, scripts, fm_scripts, fm_objectchange, generaldiscussion, theobjectiveofthevrextoolboxistoenablescientiststocreatetheirownexperiments, butithasitslimitations, usingtheexperimenttemplateanadeptusershouldbeabletocreate, simpleexperimentsinunityusingthetoolbox, previously, itwouldtakesometimetoscroll, throughthecodetofindscriptsandmethodsthatareessentialtocreateanexperiment, changeblindness, memoryandnewlyaddedfalsememoryexperiment, theseexperimentsarereadytouseby, butcreatinganythingoutsidethatrequiressomeknowledgeaboutunitygame, whichisnotsomethingmostpsychologistshavetimetoacquire, thetoolboxalreadyhasawiderangeofcapabilities, butthereisalwayssomethingto, improveandimprovementswillprobablybedictatedbythedemandsoftheusers, herearesomeideaswouldliketoseeimplementedinthefuture, improvinglevelcreation, currentlythelevelsonlyhaveonesettingwhichisabunchof, butwhatiftheselectedsettingwasabusystreet, inthatcasethetoolboxwouldnot, beofmuchuse, allowingforgreatervarietyinlevelcreationweallowmoreexperimentsto, beconductedwiththetoolbox, addingelectroencephalography, support, studieslike, trueorfalse, physiological, measuresmayanswerthequestion, havefoundgreatdealofinformationusing, electroencephalography, forexamplethementionedstudyfoundthatfalsememoriesexhibit, codeshouldberefactored, creatinganewexperimenttookquiteawhile, becausefiguring, outwhichpartsofthescriptswereabsolutelynecessaryforthetoolboxrequiredsome, extensivedigging, inthefutureitwillbemucheasierthankstotheprovidedtemplate, believethisshouldbedonetoeveryadditiontothetoolboxsuchasobjectchangescripts, thattheycanbeaddedtofutureexperimentswithease, conclusion, currentmethodsofstudyingfalsememorygenerallydonotuserealisticenvironments, insteadpreferringtheuseoflanguagemanipulationandfakephotographs, allthisduetothe, factthatcreatingenvironmentsforexperimentsinrealworldisverytimeconsumingand, costlyendeavor, toprovideasolutiontothisproblemanexperimentwasaddedtovirtual, realityexperimentstoolboxtoaidtheresearchofthephenomenon