introductionthe, learning, structure, data, models, understood, humans, thesis, using, supervised, methods, provided, input, output, previously, labeled, action, algorithm, comparing, actual, outputs, nd, errors, modify, model, appropriately, multiclass, classication, example, tasked, classifying, images, assumption, sample, assigned, class, meaning, mutually, exclusive, performing, predict, label, obtain, probability, us, condence, prediction, estimates, probabilities, support, estimation, calibrated, classier, directly, interpreted, membership, binary, classify, instances, samples, predicted, approximately, positive, calibration, method, isotonic, regression, monotonic, function, exclusively, increase, decrease, ts, constraint, tted, non, decreasing, assume, monotonous, higher, mapped, assumed, logical, functions, maintain, property, reduction, therefore, necessary, datasets, developing, main, focus, empirical, multiple, analyze, problems, similar, compared, chapters, explained, monotonicity, calculate, ranging, conducted, analysis, results, gathered, measuring, monotonicitybefore, original, split, training, contain, inputs, trained, nds, patterns, unlabeled, evaluation, phase, tested, vector, addition, vectors, plotted, onto, standard, simplex, graph, correspond, determined, indicate, instance, closer, represents, ranked, basis, proportion, elements, corresponding, calculated, classicationfor, remaining, secondly, based, measurement, decided, rst, projected, ranking, added, vs, comparison, enables, separated, percent, observing, smaller, metric, introduced, later, chapter, threshold, illustrate, highest, projecting, splitting, result, labels, counted, divided, total, proportions, ignored, opposite, corresponds, measured, completely, furthermore, normalized, created, ignore, normalize, sorted, resulting, contains, observe, calculable, percentile, lesser, previous, examples, conclude, dataset, picked, adaboost, datasetswe, conduct, atleast, avoid, tting, reduces, impact, outliers, additional, create, less, features, respectively, numeric, symbolic, interestingly, feature, popular, algorithms, included, ensemble, bagging, boosting, random, aggregating, diverse, predictors, articial, neural, network, multilayer, perceptron, lessen, risk, relying, solely, obviously, omitted, scalability, issues, regarding, complexity, betweeno, ando, feasible, hyper, parameters, tuned, improving, accuracy, necessity, insight, logistic, multinomial, utilizes, solve, involving, linear, discriminant, unlike, variable, assumes, independent, perfectly, predictor, ito, observation, ihas, outcome, naive, bayes, theorem, called, independence, presence, unrelated, decision, predictive, observations, target, series, intersections, nodes, depth, refers, maximum, reaching, represent, conjunctions, operates, constructing, multitude, outputting, mode, individual, merges, accurate, overtting, bootstrap, designed, stability, generating, combinations, repetitions, produce, decreases, variance, understanding, various, biases, variances, adaboostadaboost, adaptive, distribution, weighting, successful, misclassied, heavier, weights, deemed, complex, require, iterations, properly, composed, neuron, layer, arbitrary, layers, computational, networks, ability, representation, relate, experiment, scaling, applied, standardize, range, normalization, vary, widely, mentioned, exception, limitations, max, limited, deliberately, lower, affected, described, obtained, analyzed, resultswe, monotonicities, exactly, represented, visually, position, inuences, relationship, noted, adding, resulted, covering, stayed, graphs, showcase, ended, respective, converged, affects, according, denitely, monotonicitiesmonotonicities, separately, average, per, although, wasnt, outcomes, relation, reasonably, problem, occurred, effect, appeared, include, median, actually, forgiving, seemed, correlation, infer, summarythis, brief, overview, variety, deduce, somewhat, role, greater, monotonicty, belonged, comparatively, across, randomly, tuning, hyperparameters, moreover, consideration, creating, research, topic, continued, ne, existing, devise, nal, denitive